In 1901, on Goaribari Island in the Gulf of Papua, missionary Harry Dauncey found 10,000 skulls in the island's long houses, a demonstration of past practices. Sweet potato largely supplanted the previous staple, taro, and resulted in a significant increase in population in the highlands.Īlthough by the late 20th century headhunting and cannibalism had been practically eradicated, in the past they were practised in many parts of the country as part of rituals related to warfare and taking in enemy spirits or powers. The far higher crop yields from sweet potato gardens radically transformed traditional agriculture and societies. Portuguese traders had obtained it from South America and introduced it to the Moluccas. In the 18th century, traders brought the sweet potato to New Guinea, where it was adopted and became a staple food. This has been correlated with the introduction of pottery, pigs, and certain fishing techniques. A major migration of Austronesian-speaking peoples to coastal regions of New Guinea took place around 500 BC. Īgriculture was independently developed in the New Guinea highlands around 7000 BC, making it one of the few areas in the world where people independently domesticated plants. They were descendants of migrants out of Africa, in one of the early waves of human migration.
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The name is one of several toponyms sharing similar etymologies, ultimately meaning "land of the blacks" or similar meanings, in reference to the dark skin of the inhabitants.īritish annexation of southeast New Guinea in 1884Īrchaeological evidence indicates that humans first arrived in Papua New Guinea around 42,000 to 45,000 years ago. Guinea, in its turn, is etymologically derived from the Portuguese word Guiné. In 1545, he noted the resemblance of the people to those he had earlier seen along the Guinea coast of Africa. "New Guinea" ( Nueva Guinea) was the name coined by the Spanish explorer Yñigo Ortiz de Retez. The word papua is derived from an old local term of uncertain origin.
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It is a full member of the Pacific Community, the Pacific Islands Forum, and the Commonwealth of Nations. The nation is an observer state in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN) since 1976 and has filed its application for full membership status. These societies and clans are explicitly acknowledged by the Papua New Guinea Constitution, which expresses the wish for "traditional villages and communities to remain as viable units of Papua New Guinean society" and protects their continuing importance to local and national community life. Their social lives combine traditional religion with modern practices, including primary education. Most of the people live in strong traditional social groups based on farming. Nearly 40% of the population lives a self-sustainable natural lifestyle with no access to global capital. The sovereign state is classified as a developing economy by the International Monetary Fund. It is known to have numerous groups of uncontacted peoples, and researchers believe there are many undiscovered species of plants and animals in the interior. The country is one of the world's least explored, culturally and geographically. Most of the population of more than 8,000,000 people live in customary communities, which are as diverse as the languages. There are 851 known languages in the country, of which 11 now have no known speakers. As of 2019, it is also the most rural, as only 13.25% of its people live in urban centres. Papua New Guinea is one of the most culturally diverse countries in the world. It also became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations in its own right. It became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1975 with Elizabeth II as its queen. This followed nearly 60 years of Australian administration, which started during World War I. Īt the national level, after being ruled by three external powers since 1884, Papua New Guinea established its sovereignty in 1975. It is the world's third largest island country with an area of 462,840 km 2 (178,700 sq mi). Its capital, located along its southeastern coast, is Port Moresby. ˈ ɡ ɪ n i, ˈ p ɑː-/, also US: / ˈ p ɑː p w ə-, ˈ p ɑː p j ə-, ˈ p ɑː p ə-/ Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini Hiri Motu: Papua Niu Gini Torres Strait Creole: Dhaudhai Niu Gini Meriam Mir: Op Deudai), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( Tok Pisin: Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini Hiri Motu: Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country in Oceania that comprises the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and its offshore islands in Melanesia (a region of the southwestern Pacific Ocean north of Australia). Papua New Guinea ( PNG / ˈ p æ p( j) u ə .
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